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- Network Working Group C. Weider
- Request for Comments: 1308 ANS
- FYI: 13 J. Reynolds
- ISI
- March 1992
-
-
- Executive Introduction to Directory Services
- Using the X.500 Protocol
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
- not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
- unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document is an Executive Introduction to Directory Services
- using the X.500 protocol. It briefly discusses the deficiencies in
- currently deployed Internet Directory Services, and then illustrates
- the solutions provided by X.500.
-
- This FYI RFC is a product of the Directory Information Services
- (pilot) Infrastructure Working Group (DISI). A combined effort of
- the User Services and the OSI Integration Areas of the Internet
- Engineering Task Force (IETF).
-
- 1. INTRODUCTION
-
- The Internet is growing at a phenomenal rate, with no deceleration in
- sight. Every month thousands of new users are added. New networks
- are added literally almost every day. In fact, it is entirely
- conceivable that in the future every human with access to a computer
- will be able to interact with every other over the Internet and her
- sister networks. However, the ability to interact with everyone is
- only useful if one can locate the people with whom they need to work.
- Thus, as the Internet grows, one of the limitations imposed on the
- effective use of the network will be determined by the quality and
- coverage of Directory Services available.
-
- Directory Services in this paper refers not only to the types of
- services provided by the telephone companies' White Pages, but to
- resource location, Yellow Pages services, mail address lookup, etc.
- We will take a brief look at the services available today, and at the
- problems they have, and then we will show how the X.500 standard
- solves those problems.
-
-
-
-
- DISI Working Group [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1308 Executive Intro to X.500 March 1992
-
-
- 2. CURRENT SERVICES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
-
- In the interests of brevity, we will only look at the WHOIS service,
- and at the DNS. Each will illustrate a particular philosophy, if you
- will, of Directory Services.
-
- The WHOIS service is maintained by the Defense Data Network Network
- Information Center, or DDN NIC. It is currently maintained at GSI
- for the IP portion of the Internet. It contains information about IP
- networks, IP network managers, a scattering of well-known personages
- in the Internet, and a large amount of information related
- specifically to the MILNET systems. As the NIC is responsible for
- assigning new networks out of the pool of IP addresses, it is very
- easily able to collect this information when a new network is
- registered. However, the WHOIS database is big enough and
- comprehensive enough to exhibit many of the flaws of a large
- centralized database. First, centralized location of the WHOIS
- database causes slow response during times of peak querying activity,
- storage limitations, and also causes the entire service to be
- unavailable if the link to GSI is broken. Second, centralized
- administration of the database, where any changes to the database
- have to be mailed off to GSI for human transcription into the
- database, increases the turnaround time before the changes are
- propagated, and also introduces another source of potential error in
- the accuracy of the information. These particular problems affect to
- different degrees any system which attempts to provide Directory
- Services through a centralized database.
-
- The Domain Name Service, or DNS, contains information about the
- mapping of host and domain names, such as, "home.ans.net", to IP
- addresses. This is done so that humans can use easily remembered
- names for machines rather than strings of numbers. It is maintained
- in a distributed fashion, with each DNS server providing nameservice
- for a limited number of domains. Also, secondary nameservers can be
- identified for each domain, so that one unreachable network will not
- necessarily cut off nameservice. However, even though the DNS is
- superlative at providing these services, there are some problems when
- we attempt to provide other Directory Services in the DNS. First, the
- DNS has very limited search capabilities. Second, the DNS supports
- only a small number of data types. Adding new data types, such as
- photographs, would involve very extensive implementation changes.
-
- 3. THE X.500 SOLUTION
-
- X.500 is a CCITT protocol which is designed to build a distributed,
- global directory. It offers the following features:
-
- * Decentralized Maintenance:
-
-
-
- DISI Working Group [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1308 Executive Intro to X.500 March 1992
-
-
- Each site running X.500 is responsible ONLY for its local part of
- the Directory, so updates and maintenance can be done instantly.
-
- * Powerful Searching Capabilities:
- X.500 provides powerful searching facilities that allow users to
- construct arbitrarily complex queries.
-
- * Single Global Namespace:
- Much like the DNS, X.500 provides a single homogeneous namespace
- to users. The X.500 namespace is more flexible and expandable
- than the DNS.
-
- * Structured Information Framework:
- X.500 defines the information framework used in the Directory,
- allowing local extensions.
-
- * Standards-Based Directory Services:
- As X.500 can be used to build a standards-based directory,
- applications which require directory information (e-mail,
- automated resources locators, special-purpose directory tools)
- can access a planet's worth of information in a uniform manner,
- no matter where they are based or currently running.
-
- With these features alone, X.500 is being used today to provide the
- backbone of a global White Pages service. There is almost 3 years of
- operational experience with X.500, and it is being used widely in
- Europe and Australia in addition to North America. In addition, the
- various X.500 implementations add some other features, such as
- photographs in G3-FAX format, and color photos in JPEG format.
- However, as X.500 is standards based, there are very few
- incompatibilities between the various versions of X.500, and as the
- namespace is consistent, the information in the Directory can be
- accessed by any implementation. Also, work is being done in providing
- Yellow Pages services and other information resource location tasks
- in the Directory.
-
- However, there are some limitations to the X.500 technology as it is
- currently implemented. One price that is paid for the flexibility in
- searching is a decline in the speed of the searching. This is because
- a) searches over a part of the distributed namespace may have to
- traverse the network, and some implementations cache all the
- responses before giving them to the user, and b) some early
- implementations performed search slowly anyway. A second problem with
- the implementations is that for security reasons only a limited
- amount of information is returned to the user; for example, if a
- search turns up 1000 hits, only 20 or so are returned to the user.
- Although this number is tunable, it does mean that someone with a big
- search will have to do a lot of work. The performance of the
-
-
-
- DISI Working Group [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1308 Executive Intro to X.500 March 1992
-
-
- Directory, while increasing rapidly in the last two years, is still
- not able to provide real-time directory services for such things as
- routing protocols. However, work is being done to speed up service.
-
- The X.500 Directory is taking us closer to the day when we will
- indeed have the entire world on our desktops, and X.500 will help
- insure that we can find whom and what we need.
-
- 4: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
-
- For a more detailed technical introduction to X.500 and an extensive
- bibliography, see "Technical Overview of Directory Services Using the
- X.500 Protocol", by Weider, Reynolds, and Heker. This is available
- from the NIC as FYI 14, RFC 1309. For a catalogue of X.500
- implementations, see "A Catalog of Available X.500 Implementations",
- ed. Lang and Wright. This is available from the NIC as FYI 11, RFC
- 1292.
-
- 5: SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this paper.
-
- 6: AUTHORS' ADDRESSES
-
- Chris Weider
- Advanced Network and Services, Inc.
- 2901 Hubbard, G-1
- Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2437
-
- Phone (313) 663-2482
- E-mail: weider@ans.net
-
- Joyce K. Reynolds
- Information Sciences Institute
- University of Southern California
- 4676 Admirality Way
- Marina del Rey, CA 90292
-
- Phone: (310) 822-1511
- E-Mail: jkrey@isi.edu
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- DISI Working Group [Page 4]
-